The Usage Of Too Many Metaphors And Metonymy Can Make Your Paper Less
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The Usage Of Too Many Metaphors And Metonymy Can Make Your Paper Less
We often use metaphors inside our written and spoken languages to demonstrate one thing within regards to another. It is sometimes very useful to use a different group of words and phrases to compare a very important factor with another. Your language can be more colorful if along with different bodies of speech for the background of simple words and sentences. Another figure of speech which can be widely used within our language is metonymy. However, metonymies are utilized to emphasize contiguity between two referents, while metaphors are mainly used to exhibit similarity between two.
The usage of metaphor, either verbally, or even in written discourse, to explain scenes & explain events in the world around us is extremely common, its use enables us to know & experience one sort of thing inside the conditions & regards to another, whereas metonymy is the using one entity to refer to another that is related to it, & includes ‘synecdoche’ the location where the part is short for the whole, Lakoff & Johnson, (1980:36).
According to Lakoff & Johnson, (1980: ix) metaphor is ever-present, in language, and also thought & action. They, together with Pinker, (1997: 352 et seq) perceive human thought processes to become metaphorical anyway; Pinker also suggests that some metaphorical concepts have grown being so common, across the full range of speech acts & other events that individuals experience, that they're no longer recognizable to the layman as metaphorical expressions, so entrenched within our everyday language use have they been become. According to this insight into metaphor, it may be seen as among the principal methods through which language evolves, Jaynes, (1990), moreover, repetition of a metaphor may bring it into ordinary language, eventually warranting a dictionary entry.
As metaphor is indeed deeply rooted in your everyday language use, it might be surprising if written discourse was without any metaphorical expression. In fact, on looking at various types of texts, not many, if any, can be said being totally free from metaphor &/or metonymy, even those texts compiled by ‘realists’ who abhorred metaphor, including Hobbes & Locke, were full of it, Chandler, (2001). Although many samples of metaphor are not immediately obvious consequently, this really is generally given that they have become so familiar, so prevalent, within vocabulary use that they have ceased to become seen as metaphor; the connotations of those metaphorical expressions are evident because of their familiarity.
We often make use of metaphor if we encounter something unknown, or perceive something that is difficult to understand or communicate, based on Jaynes, (1990) we integrate these experiences to ‘schemas’ which are already offered to us, which we accommodate cope with these new experiences. To quote Jaynes, (1990: 52) “Understanding anything is to get to a metaphor for that thing by substituting something more familiar to us. " From this, it may be said that if someone were to attempt communication of something totally new or complex, without the usage of metaphor, then this lack of familiar reference could inhibit comprehension, that, in fact, metaphor can increase the efficiency & intelligibility of your text.
In agreement with Lakoff & Johnson, and the like, it seems apparant that the usage of metaphor is indeed deeply rooted within our system of communication that it will be difficult to spell out anything, either verbally, or through written discourse, without the using metaphor, in reality, it can be said that the usage of metaphor enhances the understanding of your text, adds towards the significance of what is being communicated, by talking about easily understood previously
known concepts, particularly if attempting to convey new information. The additional descriptive information which is established with the use of metaphor will add emotive connotations aid evaluation of your concept. Also, a less familiar metaphor could possibly be understood due towards the contextual information available & the receiver's power to extrapolate using this.
Conversely, knowledge of various metaphorical expressions may depend around the culture an example may be accustomed to; it is possible that certain cases of metaphor, especially novel but even conventional, which can be perfectly clear in meaning inside the language (culture) they are derived from, might translate clearly into another language or culture. A good instance of this comes from your recent crime/comedy novel by Brookmyre, (2002) to quote, “the leader, ‘Jarry', commenced the robbery with all the words ‘Alakazammy, stairheid rammy’. " Brookmyre often writes employing a combination of English words & Scottish colloquial terms. Stairheid actually means top landing or top floor (of the tenement) & can be a metaphor for face, face being the ‘top landing', whereas rammy is really a violent disturbance or free for all those, (Scots-online). In the text, ‘stairheid rammy’ identifies a one on one conflict, that is not an immediately familiar metaphor (to a English person) without reference to a Scots/English translator, but because the speaker (a Scotsman) within the text notes, “The stairheid rammy part is familiar to anybody who's ever witnessed a quarrel up close. ", therefore, although stairheid rammy as being a metaphor, is not clear (for an English person), to a Scotsman it really is obviously a specific & effective metaphor for a disagreement or disagreement.
Metaphors will also be often found to underline major theories of science & philosophy, & studies of scientific terminology by MacCormac, (1971) have said that the using terms including force & mass work as metaphors, e. g. “But in the lower particle energies ['] W+, W- & Z0 would acquire large masses, making the forces they carry possess a short range. " , Hawking, (1996:93) Out of context, this will make absolutely no sense at all, but inside the context of the book these terms have perfectly clear meanings & are efficient in describing the concepts of weak nuclear force & radioactivity.
According to Lakoff &Johnson, (1980:4) which of argument within the concept ‘argument is war’ is literal, not fanciful, poetic or fanciful. A good illustration with the concept ‘argument is war’ are available in journalistic touch upon political discussion.
Legislation under threat as upper house takes for the government ['] forced to pay attention ['] sustaining their opposition ['] How far could the unelected upper house take its fight with elected MPs? ['] a knowledgeable operator who's formed a formidable alliance with all the Lib Dem leader ['] stayed up in to the early hours negotiating. ['] But the battle was a symbol of escalating tensions ['] that threatens ['] This week's stand-off ['] Emboldened, they have got stood their ground.
The Guardian, (22/11/03: 13)
All this in one article describing a disagreement between the members with the House of Lords & elected MPs. The using metaphorical expression emphasizes the amount of discord relating to the two groups, & without the usage of these metaphors it will be less easy to focus on the power of this conflict. Another illustration of this common conceptual metaphor are located in a scientific text book about quantum physics & can be a perfect illustration of Lakoff & Johnson's definition with the concept ‘argument is war’.
Each attack around the Copenhagen interpretation has strengthened its position. When thinkers from the calibre of Einstein look for flaws using a theory, nevertheless the defenders from the theory have the ability to refute all with the attackers’ arguments, the theory must emerge the stronger because of its trial.
Gribbin, (1984:177)
An interesting metaphor from your magazine article about Hungary likens the country to your garment, & although this can be an example of novel metaphor the connotation is apparent & Kincses’ utilization of these additional components enriches the meaning with the text.
Next year, Hungary is defined to join the EU, finally aligning itself more with the west compared to east. This has for ages been Hungary's dilemma, says Kincses, who likens the nation to “Europe's coat, where nearly everywhere, east and west, are buttoned together, where the garment is most susceptible to wear and tear".
The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03)
Another metaphorical concept, as tagged by Lakoff & Johnson, (1980:7) are ‘time is money', this can be one of those previously mentioned metaphors which are so common it has almost ceased to get seen as a metaphor, e. g. hanging out, save your time, wasting time, “I are already wasting a great deal of time investigating internet websites. ", The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03:7) “It's a little more about how I need to spend my time. ", (ibid:25)
The following illustration of general use of metaphorical expression is roofed purely due to the funniness & needs no explanation.
I once suffered from two giggly ladies asking me if they could touch my head, which they did, resoundingly, saying that they had “never done a slaphead before".
The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03)
Orientational metaphors give a concept spatial orientation, like happy expires, sad is down, Lakoff &Johnson, (1980) “And she chooses without an excessive amount of concern for your ‘upward trajectory’ of her career. ", The Guardian Weekend, (22/11/03:25)
Metonymy is often more obvious than metaphoric concepts since it usually concerns direct physical or causal associations, it really is similar to metaphor, although more focused, being referential & facilitating understanding.
Examples of metonymy seem less frequent in written discourse, although the ones that there are seem being quite effective & understandable inside the context they are presented in. “Scores of Labour MPs still plan top-up revolt. ", Evening Standard, (05/01/04) Here ‘top-up’ identifies university top-up fees for college students proposed by the us government & would be obvious to anyone who reads newspapers or watches the tv screen news. “There'll often be a place for plastic. ", Evening Standard, (19/12/03) Here ‘plastic’ is talking about credit cards, a standard & easily understood usage of metonymy. “The midfielder was felled in a crunching tackle from his former team-mate Mauricio Taricco, who somehow escaped an additional yellow. " The Guardian, (27/12/03) The metonymic using ‘yellow’ here is the term for a yellow card, used being a first warning, & in such cases, yellow has a 2nd (metaphoric) definition; being awarded two yellow cards inside a game of football is equal with a red card, from where follows expulsion from your game, therefore ‘second yellow’ is a metaphor for a red card. What this instance of metonymy (& metaphor) identifies here may not be clear to everyone, but could be immediately apparent to you aren't even a rudimentary knowledge with the rules of football.
The article was produced through the member of masterpapers.com. Sharon White is a senior writer and writers consultant at term papers
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